How Psychological States Affect the Immune System Essay

How Psychological States Affect the Immune System Title: How psychological states affect the immune system. Subject(s): AIDS (Disease) -- Patients -- Psychology; IMMUNE system -- Psychological aspects Source: Health Social Work, Nov96, Vol. 21 Issue 4, p287, 5p Author(s): Littrell, Jill Abstract: Discusses the premise that the psychological state affects the immune system with reference to the psychological state of persons with enhanced functioning immune states and those with suppressed immunity, HIV and AIDS. How stress affects the immune system; How psychological health assists the immune system; Advantages of intervention on the psyche and immune system of HIV and AIDS patients. Database: Academic Search Elite†¦show more content†¦Because mental health professionals have developed interventions for changing peoples perspectives on life and their resultant feelings, it becomes possible, through psychological interventions, to influence immune system functioning. The literatures reviewed in this article assume an underlying model of illness that includes environmental events, coping mechanisms, psychological states, activation of particular regions in the nervous system, and immune system function as variables (Anton), Schneiderman, et al., 1990). The model explains how environmental events such as loss or trauma make immune system suppression more likely. However, immune suppression is the end result of a cascade of events involving mediating variables. The occurrence of an environmental stressor makes immune suppression more likely but by no means inevitable. Given an environmental stressor, people appraise the situation and have the option of acting in ways to reduce the impact of the stressor. The processes of appraisal and behaving to reduce the impact of the stressor are collectively called coping. Depending on a persons coping mechanisms, particular psychological states can occur. 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Adidas Marketing Strategy With Hip Hop Rapper Kanye West

Adidas, the brand with the three stripes, has to be a brand that is well sought after by consumers. The company has been established since 1949 in Herzogenaurach, Germany (Adidas-Group), however, the brand has soared in the past couple of months. This is because Adidas has recently paired up to collaborate with well known western musicians, like Kanye West and Pharell Williams. That is not to say that Adidas has never collaborated in the past, in fact the brand is known to be one of the biggest companies to collaborate with artists (Adidas-Group). These artists includes Rick Owens, Yohji Yamamoto, Raf Simons, etc. However, Adidas has climbed up to the top as a result of their collaboration and marketing strategy with hip-hop rapper Kanye West. It is the brand’s encoding of the music/rap culture and idolizing West, which is the very reason their profit has skyrocketed. Adidas has encoded their products to shape its consumers to become, or to feel as if they are Kanye West himse lf with their newest sneaker called the â€Å"Yeezys.† The Yeezys are West’s personal design used with Adidas’ â€Å"boost† technology, and not only are the sneakers eye-boggling for its consumers, but it’s also marketed as comfortable and for everyday-wear. On top of that, Adidas and West have decided that the sneakers should be limited, which they then announce a specific date to release the product, world-wide (Adidas). This marketing strategy is to create an environment for West’s fans and consumers, theShow MoreRelatedMarketing Plan For A Business Manager1991 Words   |  8 Pagesthat marketing can be used as strategic way to increase ones a profits and values of their company’s product and service. Marketing is a primarily a value communicator, rather than a value creator, deliverer or manager. When a Company is selling footwear and other sporting accessories there’s a strategy that must be apply in order for that product to beat its competitors. Adidas was my first choose to do my midterm paper on because I grew up loving Adidas more than Nike. Adidas standRead MoreA Bathing ape Essay1959 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction This assessment is aiming to outline the marketing strategies of the â€Å"A Bathing Ape† company from several viewpoints. A Bathing Ape Company, which formed and took off in Japan, they manufacture a mixture of products and service on a global scale. Nigo, a Japanese DJ founded the company in 1993. The brand popularity was one of main purpose of their success, even though they have a high pricing policy. However, their supplies are not equal to their demands their customers desired productRead MoreNike Marketing Strategy7428 Words   |  30 PagesDescription of marketing strategies applied by Nike Air Force 4.1 Challenges Forcing Nike to Focus More on Marketing Sportswear is defined primarily as apparel and footwear made for sports participation, though is now also includes casual clothes worn by people for daily activities (E. Ko, C. R. Taylor, et al., 2012). The sportswear market is one of the most price-competitive markets throughout the globe. Within the UK, items of sportswear are purchased by almost 90% of people under 35 years of

Pnb Project Report Free Essays

string(68) " in Hongkong at Kowloon was opened in the first week of April’09\." Research Project on Application Management of Information System in Punjab National Bank IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF MASTER’S DEGREE IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY (2008-2010) Submitted by: Pratik Jain — 0781563908 Northern India Engineering College (N. I. E. We will write a custom essay sample on Pnb Project Report or any similar topic only for you Order Now C), Delhi Under the valuable guidance of: Mrs. Shaveta Kumar (Faculty, N. I. E. C) Subject: Information System Management Course Code: MS-205 Submitted on: 30 17 November, 2009 Acknowledgement This formal piece of acknowledgement is an attempt to express the feeling of gratitude towards people who helped me in successful completion of research project. I would like to express my deep gratitude to Mr. B. D Sharma (branch manager, PNB), for his constant co-operation. He was always there with his competent guidance and valuable suggestion throughout the pursuance of this research project. Special thanks to Mrs. Shaveta Kumar, my internal coordinator who guided me to work honestly and to give valuable suggestion for improving my work. Above all no words can express my feelings to my parents, friends all those persons who supported me during my project. I would also like to thank almighty God for his blessings showered on me during the completion of project report. INDEX | | | | | |S. NO |Sub Topic |Topic Name |Page Number | | |S. NO | | | |1. |Acknowledgement |2 | |2. |COMPANY PROFILE | | | |1. |Origin – Punjab National Bank |4 | | |2. |Profile |5 | | |3. Vision and Mission |6 | | |4. |Financial Performance Comparison |7 | |3. |INFORMATION SYSTEM IN PNB | | | |1. |History of Information System in PNB |8 | | | |1. 2000- The Beginning | | | | |1. b 2001-2003- Long Term Strategy | | | | |1. c 2004-2007- Growth | | | | |1. d 2008- Rural Initiative | | | | |1. 2009- 100% CBS Implementation | | | |2. |Other Banking Applications |12 | | | |2. a Straight to Processing (STP) | | | | |2. b Depository Setup | | | | |2. Bank Mate EDI | | | |3. |PNB IT Setup |13 | | | |3. a Systems | | | | |3. b Network Design | | | | |3. Storage, WAN Connectivity | | | | |3. d Security Systems | | | | |3. e Hardware Software Resources | | | |4. |Organizations Other Computing Resource |15 | | | |4. Payroll TPS | | | | |4. b Online Assistance | | | | |4. c Account Opening – MIS | | | | |4. d SPNS, RTGS Mobile Alert Service | | |4. IMPACT OF INFORMATION SYSTEM | | | |1. |Finacle’s Impact |16 | | |2. |Impact on Employees, Customers |17 | |5. |Available Alternatives |18 | |6. |Conclusion |19 | |7. Suggestion |20 | |8. |References |21 | Company Profile – Punjab National Bank Origin Established in 1895 at Lahore, undivided India, Punjab National Bank (PNB) has the distinction of being the first Indian bank to have been started solely with Indian capital. The bank was nationalized in July 1969 along with 13 other banks. From its modest beginning, the bank has grown in size and stature to become a front-line banking institution in India at present. |[p|A professionally managed bank with a successful track record of over 110 years. | |ic| | |] | | |[p|Largest branch network in India – 4668 Offices including 432 Extension Counters spread throughout the country. |ic| | |] | | |[p|Strategic business area covers the large Indo-Gangetic belt and the metropolitan centers. | |ic| | |] | | |[p|Ranked as 248th biggest bank in the world by Bankers Almanac, London. |ic| | |] | | |[p|Strong correspondent banking relationships with more than 217 international banks of the world. | |ic| | |] | | |[p|More than 50 renowned international banks maintain their Rupee Accounts with PNB. |ic| | |] | | |[p|Well equipped dealing rooms; 20 different foreign currency accounts are maintained at major centers all over the globe. | |ic| | |] | | Profile With its presence virtually in all the important centers of the country, Punjab National Bank offers a wide variety of banking services which include corporate and personal banking, industrial finance, agricultural finance, financing of trade and international banking. Among the clients of the Bank are Indian conglomerates, medium and small industrial units, exporters, non-resident Indians and multinational companies. The large presence and vast resource base have helped the Bank to build strong links with trade and industry. With over 38 million satisfied customers and 4668 offices, PNB has continued to retain its leadership position among the nationalized banks. The bank enjoys strong fundamentals, large franchise value and good brand image. Besides being ranked as one of India’s top service brands, PNB has remained fully committed to its guiding principles of sound and prudent banking. Apart from offering banking products, the bank has also entered the credit card debit card business; bullion business; life and non-life insurance business; Gold coins asset managementsbusiness,setc. Since its humble beginning in 1895 with the distinction of being the first Indian bank to have been started with Indian capital, PNB has achieved significant growth in business which at the end of March 2009 amounted to Rs 3,64,463 crore. Today, with assets of more than Rs 2,46,900 crore, PNB is ranked as the 3rd largest bank in the country (after SBI and ICICI Bank) and has the 2nd largest network of branches (including three overseas offices). PNB has always looked at technology as a key facilitator to provide better customer service and ensured that its ‘IT strategy’ follows the ‘Business strategy’ so as to arrive at â€Å"Best Fit†. The bank has made rapid strides in this direction. Along with the achievement of 100% branch computerization, one of the major achievements of the Bank is covering all the branches of the Bank under Core Banking Solution (CBS), thus covering 100% of its business and providing ‘Anytime Anywhere’ banking facility to all customers including customers of more than 2000 rural branches. The bank has also been offering Internet banking services to the customers of CBS branches like booking of tickets, payment of bills of utilities, purchase of airline tickets etc. Towards developing a cost effective alternative channels of delivery, the bank with more than 2150 ATMs has the largest ATM network amongst Nationalized Banks. With the help of advanced technology, the Bank has been a frontrunner in the industry so far as the initiatives for Financial Inclusion is concerned. With its policy of inclusive growth in the Indo-Gangetic belt. The Bank has launched a drive for biometric smart card based technology enabled Financial Inclusion with the help of Business Correspondents/Business Facilitators (BC/BF) so as to reach out to the last mile customer. The BC/BF will address the outreach issue while technology will provide cost effective and transparent services. The Bank has started several innovative initiatives for marginal groups like rickshaw pullers, vegetable vendors, dairy farmers, construction workers, etc. The Bank has already achieved 100% financial inclusion in 21,408svillages. Backed by strong domestic performance, the bank is planning to realize its global aspirations. In order to increase its international presence, the Bank continues its selective foray in international markets with presence in Hongkong, Dubai, Kazakhstan, UK, Shanghai, Singapore, Kabul and Norway. A second branch in Hongkong at Kowloon was opened in the first week of April’09. You read "Pnb Project Report" in category "Essay examples" Bank is also in the process of establishing its presence in China, Bhutan, DIFC Dubai, Canada and Singapore. The bank also has a joint venture with Everest Bank Ltd. EBL), Nepal. Under the long term vision, Bank proposes to start its operation in Fiji Island, Australia and Indonesia. Bank continues with its goal to become a household brand with global expertise. Amongst Top 1000 Banks in the World, ‘The Banker’ listed PNB at 250th place. Further, PNB is at the 1166th position among 48 Indian firms making it to a list of the worldâ€⠄¢s biggest companiesscompiledsbysthesUSsmagazines‘Forbes’. Punjab National Bank continues to maintain its frontline position in the Indian banking industry. In particular, the bank has retained its NUMBER ONE position among the nationalized banks in terms of number of branches, Deposit, Advances, total Business, operating and net profit in the year 2008-09. The impressive operational and financial performance has been brought about by Bank’s focus on customer based business with thrust on SME, Agriculture, more inclusive approach to banking; better asset liability management; improved margin management, thrust on recovery and increased efficiency in core operations of the Bank. Vision and Mission Vision To be a Leading Global Bank with Pan India footprints and become a household brand in the Indo-Gangetic Plains providing entire range of financial products and services sssssssunder one roof† Mission â€Å"Banking for the unbanked† Performance Comparison over the years [pic] During the FY 2008-09, the bank achieved a net profit of Rs 3,091 crore, maintaining its number ONE position amongst nationalized banks. Bank has a strong capital base with capital adequacy ratio at 14. 03% as on March’09. As on March’09, the Bank has the Gross and Net NPA ratio of 1. 77% and 0. 17% respectively. During the FY 2008-09, its’ ratio of priority sector credit to adjusted net bank credit at 41. 53% agriculture credit to adjusted net bank credit at 19. 72% was also higher than the respective national goals of 40% 18%. Information System in PNB History of Information System at PNB 2000 – The Beginning In March 2000, the penetration and use of IT was not very high at PNB. PNB was relying on manual processes to collect, store, and analyze business data. Its retail branches were not connected and it was difficult for management to understand business drivers and impediments. This situation made it difficult for PNB to provide optimum customer service and resulted in lost opportunities. Manual operations were also costly to support. The bank used seven different software, which ran on 13 different flavors of UNIX, on standalone PCs. The 500-odd branches were not networked and only 35 percent of the bank’s business was computerized. The overall expertise in IT among users was low. The Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) issued a directive to the bank to computerize at least 70 percent of its business by December 2000. This prompted the bank to work out a strategy to tackle the daunting task in the short period of time. At that time there were various factors which caused a barrier in implementing an Information System for centralized banking. These weaknesses were:- †¢ Different Unix OS used in different branches. †¢ Different standalone financial applications on PCs at different branches. †¢ Lack of interoperability due to disparity in systems. †¢ Limited expertise on the software packages currently deployed. †¢ Most branches did not have a proper LAN in place. PNB hired a consultant and devised a two-pronged plan of action. The plan comprised: †¢ A short term goal – To meet the CVC deadline of 70 percent computerization. †¢ A long term goal – To create a dependable core banking infrastructure and build a nationwide network to connect different branches to the core infrastructure. PNB chose a product from a company called Nelito. It was a DOS-based, ‘Partial Branch Automation’ application. Standalone versions were chosen since there weren’t LANs in place, and deployment of LANs at branches would take so long that the CVC deadline couldn’t be met. The interface was simple in design, and thus easy for the bank personnel to use. The bank requested CVC for an extension of the deadline and was granted time till March 2001. By March 2001, 70. 60 percent of the bank’s business was computerized. 2001-2003 – The Long Term Strategy In the long-term, PNB wanted a technology that would consolidate all its business resources and sustain the bank’s future growth. It also wanted to create its own network, which would play a vital role in its success. Three consultants were appointed to review technology options for long-term adoption. The verdict of the consultants was to deploy a centralized core banking architecture. On 30 March 2001, the bank used the services of Infosys for the deployment of Finacle. A core team was selected, which would be the heart of the project. Infosys trained 200-odd personnel from a core team over six months. The core team modified and customized the package according to its specific needs. As the time passed besides making a mark in terms of revenues, the bank— among the few technology-savvy PSUs—set up examples for other banks, especially PSUs in early of this decade. Institute for Development and Research in Banking Technology (IDRBT), a division of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), presented PNB with the award for excellence in banking technology in 2002. This was quite an achievement considering that the technology transformation started only two-and-a-half years back at PNB. In March 2000, the bank had only 36 percent of its businesses covered on computers, as against 84 percent in 2002. PNB purchased servers, security infrastructure, and storage equipment and decided to house it in its own central data center in New Delhi. A lot of infrastructure from Cisco has been used to build the data center. In April 2002 the bank rolled-out Finacle in 7 branches as a pilot venture. This was done because the bank had seven different application packages, and it wanted to ensure smooth migration of the data into Finacle. By mid May 2002, all data from other software was successfully migrated into Finacle and by end of year, the number of locations has increased to 12. As far as the centralized core banking system is concerned, PNB has a data centre at the corporate office and all these 12 centers have an extension to that data. This system enables an individual having an account in any of our branches to conduct transactions/operate the account from any of these 12 branches. 2004-2007 – The Growth Stage In 2004, India’s National Association of Software and Service Companies (NASSCOM) nominated Punjab National Bank (PNB) as the best user of technology in its sector. The bank continued to spread the technology to more of its branches and centers. The adoption of Core Banking Solution not only ensured standardization of products, but also enabled quick launch of the new and innovative financial products ensuring sufficient lead time to market it. The core banking solution offered seamless platform for integrating various such initiatives and also reduces the cost of transaction, thereby offering financial products at an affordable cost. On May 27,2004 Punjab National Bank (PNB) has introduced Loans and Advances Data Desk for Evaluations and Reports, (LADDER), a computerized management information system for rationalization of returns, asset classification and provisioning, credit monitoring and NPA management. The implementation of the system comprised two modules. The first module would require branches to capture data on borrowal accounts as a | |one-time activity with transaction updates at periodic intervals. | |   | |The second module for implementation of the software envisages collection of information on the loan accounts from the stage of receipt of | |application to disbursement of sanctioned loans. | | |With the implementation of this system, manual collation of a large number of loan-related returns become redu ndant and branch staff | |concentrated on business development and objective monitoring of asset quality. | 2008 – Rural Initiative Infosys Technologies Ltd (Infosys) and Punjab National Bank (PNB) in 2008 announced that PNB has chosen Finacle from Infosys to power its core banking initiative for rural banking deploying Finacle across PNB’s six Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) covering 1300 branches. Punjab National Bank took lead in business excellence and commitment to customers by providing core banking coverage to its 4850 service outlets. Due to the remoteness of rural branch locations, there were issues such as connectivity of branches for operational ease, centralization of data, and enhancement of customer service as well as innovation in banking products. Moreover, all this is needed at a substantially lower cost for RRBs as their operations were relatively less complex. Finacle from Infosys recognized this need of RRBs and adapted its industry leading core banking solution to suit the requirements of these institutions. PNB management selected this platform to transform and standardize the operations of its RRBs. A majority of Indian banks were already ahead in terms of adoption of new age technology. Extending the benefits of technology to RRBs helped sponsor banks in not just priority sector lending but also present an additional business avenue with tremendous potential. Finacle enabled RRBs to better manage audit processes, adhere to statutory compliance, enhance internal MIS requirements and offer customers competitive services on par with commercial banks. 2009 – 100% CBS Implementation In Feb, 2009 India’s second largest public sector bank, announced that it has completed 100 per cent core banking implementation at its 4604 branches and extension counters through the FinacleaUniversalaBankingaSolutionafromaInfosys. The bank implemented industry-leading Finacle CBS across its operations running a flexible and scalable database platform from Oracle and innovative and cost-effective Sun SPARC enterprise serversafromaSunaMicrosystems. Finacle has enabled the bank to consolidate and centralize its operations, improving branch efficiency and productivity per employee. Consolidation has also resulted in reduction of revenue leakage and cost, while increasing ease of technical support and maintenance at branches. The solution’s scalability has also enabled the bank’s scalability to be the best in the countryawithatheanumberaofapeakatransactionsaata3. 5amillion. Further, the bank has covered all the branches under CBS platform including extension counters. As a result, 38 million PNB’s customers are enjoying the facility of â€Å"one bank – one account†. In addition, the bank has intended to build a data center capable of handling business of 6000 branches and 1 lakh terminals. The bank was awarded â€Å"IBM green award† for adopting environment friendly technology for data warehouse implementation during the year. Other Banking Applications The banking major also introduced a number of value added services like ATMs, Tele-banking, SMS banking, mobile banking and Internet banking, remote access facility through its website, etc. under a license from RBI to launch Internet banking. The bank also enabled customers to avail of the Straight to Processing (STP) facility. The biggest advantage of STP is that if a person with an account in Delhi deposits a cheque in Chennai, his account in Delhi gets updated the same day. PNB’s team has also customized this package to suit the typical requirements of a public sector bank. â€Å"As PNB handles huge number of government accounts—public provident fund, deposit of income tax, deposit of different duties and treasury payments, PNB had to customize it and also built a module for government businesses into this package. The bank also has a depository set-up (to store dematerialized share certificates) at its corporate office in New Delhi and another in Mumbai. Customers owning shares and bonds can deposit them at these depositories after which the hard copies are destroyed. The bank, on the other hand, keeps a digital copy of all these documents. Thus, one does not have to bother about the loss of paper, or a signature that does not match and so on. Customers can now instruct the bank at any point of time to transfer these securities. Another very interesting development with PNB is its contract with Indian Railways. It is putting up an ATM machine at the New Delhi station’s reservation office, which is going to be a interface between the Railways’ server and the bank’s server. Once this is functional, customers can collect their tickets from the ATM machine and the payment can be made using credit or debit cards. Once this is successful and the interface is done, the bank plans to enable all their ATMs across the country on this platform. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is another technology initiative that the bank has taken up. It has entered into an agreement with the Customs department wherein the Customs’ server is connected with the bank’s corporate office server, which is further connected to several branches of PNB and also to importers. Thus, whatever duties are required to be deposited with the Customs department can be debited from the importer’s (read customer’s) account automatically. The pilot project for this has already been carried out and the bank plans to introduce this service soon. The PSU has also introduced bilingual software known as Bank-mate. With the help of this software one can generate reports in Hindi and also can get his/her passbook in Hindi. This is already in operation at around various branches and PNB is also getting orders for this package from other banks. PNB’s IT Setup PNB also has a number of applications running on its network like any other Financial Institution. The bank has standardized all its platforms on UNIX operating system and RDBMS on Oracle. Other OS like Microsoft’s windows 2000/ XP are also enabled in centers. As far as the hardware platform is concerned, PNB has Sun Microsystems’ Web servers at the data centre. Apart from this, they are also using Compaq, IBM and Xeon servers. At some locations, the bank is still using DOS machines to run some of their ATMs. Systems Before deploying the core banking architecture, PNB used servers which were NT-based, from IBM, and from other vendors. The bank conducted benchmarking tests for Finacle on various server platforms. And it was satisfied with the performance of Sun’s hardware on Solaris. Sun’s Fire servers, Solaris OS, and Oracle’s RDBMS are now in use. Network design Cisco has tied up with PNB to evolve the network design and implement a nationwide network backbone to connect all its offices. Cisco will assist the bank in understanding and implementing the various technologies associated with the project. The converged network infrastructure allowed PNB to standardize the applications and software needed to provide the banking services. The various branches are connected to the data center using new-world routing and switching technologies. Storage systems The bank has followed RBI’s storage requirement guidelines. Provisions have been made to store transaction data for around 10 years. In some cases, data is stored permanently. Around 164 Sun enterprise class servers are used in DAS architecture. The total capacity is of multiple TBs. The Sun hardware uses an in-built storage management tool. Later look over a storage management application from VERITAS. WAN and connectivity 101 branches of the bank were on a WAN in 2000. The bank put 500-odd branches on the WAN in 2002, and in three years the WAN had 2000-odd branches. The bank tried a number of connectivity options. 802. 11b wireless connectivity was installed in five branches to begin with. The bank then explored the option of leased lines and used connectivity from MTNL and BSNL. It also used Bharti’s leased line between Mumbai and Delhi. The bank also used Reliance Infocomm’s fiber optic backbone along with the leased lines in locations where the optic fiber does not reach. PNB had appointed HCL Com-net to carry out 24Ãâ€"7 monitoring of the countrywide network. There’s a live link between HCL and PNB’s IT head office. The network is monitored remotely and can also be viewed at the bank’s IT facility, where a separate monitoring system is used. Security Systems Security was especially important because the bank could afford no compromise. The security architecture had to be robust, reliable, and scalable to meet current and future needs. Cisco was chosen as the service provider who could meet these stringent requirements. The bank uses a range of security products like Firewalls and IDSs from Cisco for its security needs in its LANs and WAN. All data transactions between its routers and switches are encrypted. It has appointed Ramco Systems as the security integrator. The security integrator is responsible for the complete security infrastructure and is answerable for any security breach or lapse. The bank appointed security administrators. VeriSign provided the necessary Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) to the bank for secure transactions. Software Resources PNB is using various software’s for its operational activities for its smooth and efficient running, the Software used by PNB include:-  ¬ Microsoft office 2003 Acrobat Reader  ¬ Bank-mate  ¬ Attack Filters: – Spyware, Trojan, VoIP etc.  ¬ Protocols: – IP, VLAN, DNS, HTTP, FTP, TCP, TELNET, UTP etc.  ¬ Operating System’s:- UNIX, Solaris, Windows NT, 2000 Server, XP etc..  ¬ Databases: – MS Access, MS SQL, Oracle, FoxPro. Hardware Resources To fulfill the requirement and as per compatibility with software these hardware a re used:-  ¬ HCL, IBM etc Desktops,  ¬ Printer  ¬ NT Based servers from IBM,  ¬ Sun’s hardware for Solaris,  ¬ Network Cards.  ¬ Routers, Scanners etc†¦ Organizations Other Computing Resources Payroll Transaction Processing System Payroll TPS, which is a typical accounting transaction processing system found in PNB. A payroll system keeps track of the money paid to employees. The master file is composed of discrete pieces of information (such as a name, address, or employee number) called data elements. Data are keyed into the system, updating the data elements. The elements on the master file are combined in different ways to create reports of interest to management and government agencies and to send paychecks to employees. Management notices the record of the employee’s efficiency to work and may declare added bonus or other incentive. This report is checked and approved by the branch manager after which cheque is issued to the employee. Online Assistance PNB provides its customers online assistance by providing i-banking, online complaints, providing them information about various products and services. These complaints and assistance are processed by customer care services executive. Account Opening In account opening the MIS is used, every information about the customer is recorded like their name, address, account, type of account, account information, their sample signature, these helps in Identification of customer instantly and creating a database at faster rate. This includes the filling of KYC and AC forms. SPNS (Shared Payment Network System) Swadhan, the first SPNS launched in Mumbai by IBA. The banks that participate on this network could issue the cards to customers for transacting on networks. RTGS (Real Time Gross Settlement) RTGS System is a payment settlement system that minimizes the credit risk in the prevalent cheque clearing system. Under RTGS the funds are settled on a near real time basis across Banks in different locations. Bank offers this immediate electronic fund transfer facility to RTGS enabled bank branches across through the country its designated RTGS enabled locations. Mobile Alert Service The clients now have the facility to subscribe to Mobile Alert Service for receiving alerts on registered mobile phone numbers instantly after the funds are pooled. Impact of Information Systems An information system is there to empower its users. A database simply provides data, but an information system is all about providing the best information the user needs to do their task more effectively. It also takes into account that different users doing their own specific tasks may need to see their information presented in differing ways. The benefits of an information system follow when the user can quickly access, understand and respond correctly to that information. The implementation of Information Systems in PNB and other financial institutions had a vast impact on the Employees (the way they work), Customers, The industry Government. The system provides information on the past, present and project future and on relevant events inside and outside the organization. Finacle’s Impact Finacle core banking solution is a comprehensive, integrated yet modular business solution that effectively addresses the strategic and day-to-day challenges faced by banks. It is highly parameterizable providing that much-needed flexibility to adapt to a dynamic environment. The solution has an integrated CRM module enabling banks to offer a rich and differentiated value proposition to customers. The layered Service Oriented Architecture (SOA), STP capabilities, web-enabled technology and 24 X 7 operations ensure multi-channel, multi-country and multi-currency implementations. The functionality-rich modules in the solution provide banks with a varied palette of features to continuously innovate on their product and service offerings. With Finacle core banking solution, banks can meet the challenges of managing change, competition, compliance and customer demands effectively. †¢ Differentiated Product Spread Finacle core banking solution offers an unlimited palette of features for banks to design and deploy products for varying market segments. The product bundling capabilities of the solution offers a wide range of possibilities for banks to create products with innovative features. The facilities provided for differential pricing, channel rules and customization through Finacle Studio – the scripting engine, empower banks to continuously innovate and extend their suite of products, across segments. †¢ Agile Operations The Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) enables the IT team at the bank to effect changes without touching the base code, ensuring lesser vendor dependency and faster adaptability to changing business conditions. Robust Cross-sell Framework The CIF and CRM capabilities in Finacle offer a unified view of the customer across the entire solution and across multiple back-end applications, enabling the bank to view the customer from a completely informed angle. This empowers banks to effectively manage customer relationships and aggressively explore cross-sell opportunities. †¢ Increased Operatio nal Efficiencies and Productivity Finacle core banking solution supports business events automation and process orchestration, thus eliminating manual tasks and reducing process time. The elimination of error and data redundancies also results in increased branch productivity. Straight through Processing (STP) abilities enhance reduction in turnaround and processing time, increasing output and enabling speedy completion of tasks. The multilingual web-based single repository of information enables remotely located bankers to collaborate and transact seamlessly. Impact on Employees Information System serves employees with user friendliness, easy storage and access of data, removal of redundancies, fastening up of the processes and providing up of multiple views at same time. In beginning the issues were mostly cultural. Most staffers were used to working in a manual environment, and some had worked in standalone environments. In the new networked environment, personnel at the node/counter didn’t actually ‘see’ the transactions updating in the various account books. This gave rise to a number of queries and suggestions from personnel. It took around six-eight months for the personnel to felt that the environment ‘change’ had done them good, and they were used to working on the systems. Other Available Alternatives The Indian banking sector is slowly coming of age and hand grooming this sector is the banking solution market, which has carved a name for itself in the global arena. Not to forget the pro-active government reforms that are helping the Indian banking market reach greater heights and adding glitz and glamour to Indian economy as a whole. Other then Finacle from Infosys there are various available alternatives for which the banking industry and financial institutions can opt. These are:- †¢ Office Accounting Professional 2009 †¢ SAP ERP Financials †¢ Tally 9: Financial Accounting and Inventory Management Software †¢ Flexcube – ‘i-flex solutions’ Hyperion Financial Management – System 9 While in past i-flex solutions’ flagship product Flexcube has been rated the #1 banking product in the world by UK based IBS, an independent banking solutions rating vendor, but Infosys Technologies’’ Finacle doesn’t took long en ough to overtake Flexcube. But now a day’s SAP ERP programmes are giving a tough competition to Finacle. Conclusion A management information system is a system or process that provides the information necessary to manage an organization effectively. MIS and the information it generates are generally considered essential components of prudent and reasonable business decisions. This report starts with the Punjab National Bank with overview of PNB followed by history of information system and the steps taken by PNB to be effective in banking industry by using information’s technology. Information Technology (IT) innovations in the last few years have changed the landscape of banks in India. Today, IT seems to be the prime mover of all banking transactions. Electronic and Information Technology together are bringing a swift change in the way banks operate, especially offering better delivery channels and customers’ friendly services. Anywhere banking, telebanking, mobile banking, net banking, automated teller machine(ATMs), credit cards, debit cards, smart cards, call centers, CRM, data warehousing have totally transformed the banking industry. Today almost all the major banks in India like ICICI Bank, UTI Bank, Citibank, Standard Chartered Bank, ABN Amro, SBI and PNB are offering online services to their customers. ATMs have emerged as the most favored channel for offering banking services to the customers in the world. One of the biggest benefits that the bank has derived out of IT has been the tremendous saving on recruitment front—the bank has not recruited more staff even while the business and work pressures have gone up five times. Consequently, PNB’s profitability has also increased. To train users the bank has set up more than 15 computer training labs across the country. It explains all the TPS how the transactions are made by the bank, using of these TPS from the new events such as account opening, new allowances etc†¦ to the routine work including cash and payments record, updating of records, payroll and the processing of the complaints. These TPS holds all the activities from the manager and employees to the customers. The report discuses the inbound and the outbound logistics and relate all the processes of TPS used in the bank with the Information System is enabling the bank to provide the quality and satisfactory services to their customers. Suggestions The bank is using information system efficiently and it has increased the customer satisfaction, efficiency, data storage, fast data retrieval. But to improve more and regarding future success of PNB here are the some suggestions. The bank must update Hardware to get maximum performance from Information Systems in order to allow the IS to procure the least amount of system resources it requires for functioning.  ¬ The bank should update all their software, networks etc to keep information system up to date for competitive edge, customer satisfaction.  ¬ Steps should be taken to increase the safety to avoid the unethical practices like phishing.  ¬ Need for improved training for using Information Technology and tools to employees.  ¬ Intra firm communication should be improved. References Websites:- http://www. networkmagazineindia. com/200305/tech4. shtml http://www. expresscomputeronline. com/20021202/banks7. shtml http://www. business-standard. com/india/news/pnb-to-implement-loan-data-software/151819/ http://www. financialexpress. com/news/pnb-in-networking-pact-with-cisco/64296/ http://www. pnbindia. com/ http://netpnb. com/ Books:- PNB Vision 2007-2008 Zonal Training Centre Guide. ———————– (The name you can bank upon) All Banks Average Punjab National Bank (Performance Chart) (Amount in Rs Crore) How to cite Pnb Project Report, Essay examples

The Trombone History free essay sample

The trombone in itself has been around for over 600 years. Trombones were Introduced to the orchestra In the 18th century. Trombones were found In churches during this time because they were known for their vocal support. This tradition of using trombones in a church setting continued well into the mid-19th century. Fanny Mendelssohn-Handels Oratorio is an example of the trombone use, used In the early years of the trombone. During the mid-19th century, bell-size became wider as a larger, louder sound was introduced for the performance in bands.This was also used to generate louder volume In the orchestra. By the meld-19th century the role of the trombone in band and classical music was in place. It was not until the end of the 19th century where the trombone found itself in the hands of Jazz musicians in New Orleans. There were multiple types of Jazz such as New Orleans Jazz which was popular during the sasss until the sasss, Ragtime (1890-1930), The Jazz Era (1920-Bibb the Big sand/stint Era (sasss-scars), the Bebop Era (1940* sasss), The Avian Guard Era (late sasss), Free Jazz (late sasss), and Fusion (sasss-sasss). We will write a custom essay sample on The Trombone History or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, when jazz was in the beginning stages the trombone was more often used as a single instrument. Early jazz bands consisted of a many instruments, but by the sasss It became standardized, consisting of four trombones, four saxophones. Four trumpets, and the rhythm section which was made up of bass or tuba, drums, piano, guitar and banjo. (Where Did The Trombone Originate From? steamroll. Level]urinal. Com (06/10/2011) http://steamroll. Level]urinal. Com/9214. HTML) Dixieland was the earliest and most recognized form of Jazz and was improvised music.This style began In New Orleans during the early sass. Dixieland was performed by small jazz bands which used the trumpet or cornet, trombone, clarinet and rhythm section. The trombones role in Dixieland jazz was to play a counter melody which was pretty simple and reinforced the chord progressions. Tailgate was a style period that Jazz musicians loved it used a lot of glissandi and growls. Tailgate was termed by Jazz musicians because they had a need to sit in the back of the wagon in order to have enough space to maneuver the slide. One the most well- known trombone players was Kid ROR.Kid ROR is well known for his performances tit Louis Armstrong, as well as Dave Peyote, Jelly Roll Morton, and Ma Rained. Another great trombone player from this period is Freddie Issuant of the Dukes of Dixieland, which got their start during the sass Dixieland revival. The sass and sass began a new style of Jazz called the Swing Jazz era. Swing Jazz was different from Dixieland in many ways. Dixieland had small combos where the swing era band had 4 trumpets, 4 trombones, 5 saxophones, piano, bass, drums and every now and then a guitar.Swing Jazz was pre-composed. Jack Degrade was a well-known trombonist. Jack Degrade got his start performing In Dixieland bands led by Wing Malone, Willard Robinson, Elizabeth Brice, Billy Lusting and Tommy Got. Jack Degrade was a featured trombonist and singer with Paul Whitman Orchestra. Toys have that tailgate approach it was more like playing a trumpet instead. Degrade played with a soft tone. Another notable trombonist from this era is Billy Harris which was known for his technical command of the trombone.Billy Harris had great endurance and range and was able to handle fast tempos. Harris was known for using the technique called against the grain. Which is when a trombonist changes notes very rapidly by breaking the harmonic partials without the use of tongue notes. Billy Harris and Jack Degrade were not the only memorable and notable trombonists of this era, so was Tommy Dorset who was a trombonist and band leader. Jimmy Harrison, Benny Morton, and Trump Young are highly memorable trombone soloists from this style period.The next stylistic movement was called Bebop. Bebop had its origins in the sass. This style of Jazz was important because it was unlike any other Jazz, this Jazz was not for dancers, as the others had been, this jazz was for listeners. The typical size of a Jazz group was small which allowed the jazz musicians to improvise more. The first bebop trombonist was Bennie Green. Bennie got his start in the swing era big bands such as the Earl Hines Orchestra. Greens soloing kept the swing style phrasing, but he added in the bebop harmonic rhythm.However, the most important figure in modern Jazz trombone was J. J. Johnson. Johnson also got his start by playing in swing band, such as the Count Basis Orchestra. Johnson completely avoided the glissandi and growls which was common for Dixieland and swing styles. Johnson also played with little or no vibrato. He was known for having amazing technical command of his trombone. Frank Resoling was another amazing bebop trombonist. Rosins best known Job as a sideman was as the featured trombonist with the Stan Kenton Orchestra.Other trombonists of this era who made contributions to bebop are Aka Winding, which was very similar to Johnson, so similar that they co-led trombone combos together knows as Jay and Kate. AAA Grey also is a notable trombonist along with Willie Dennis. During the sass many musicians began reacting to bebop and experimenting tit it and trying to put their own twist to it. These Jazz players were taking a cue from 1949 Miles Davis recording Birth of the Cool, these Jazz artists began playing with lighter timbres and at more moderate tempos that was common in bebop.The jazz musicians placed an emphasis on melodic approach to soloing, rather than the harmonic approach of outlining the chord progressions associated with bebop. To name a few notable trombonists of the Cool Jazz era is Carl Fontana which is said to be one of the most important trombonists of cool Jazz. Fontana started with Wood Herman Orchestra and later performed with Stan Kenton and Aka Winding. Fontana was known for playing pretty soft into a microphone, he did this because it gave him the sound of a smooth tone and not a fast speed. Fontana was also known for double tonguing also knows as doodle tonguing. There are many Jazz musicians who made a mark in the cool Jazz period and they are J. J. Johnson. Aka Winding, Kenny Durham and Miles Davis. During the late sass and sass a number of Jazz artists started to react against some of the stylistic traits of Cool Jazz. These musicians played with darker tones radar driving grooves, rather than broad melodies and harmonies. One of the notable players was Slide Hampton which began his musical career working for Buddy Johnson and then later Lionel Hampton in the middle sass.Hampton first major recognition was when he was hired by Maynard Ferguson in 1957. Hampton is still an active trombonist, bandleader, and arranger. Hampton likes the larger sounds and plays his trombone with a large bore. Hampton doing this gives him a warm and dark tone. Other trombones who have influenced the hard bop period are J. J. Johnson, Curtis Fuller, Jimmy Innkeeper, Jimmy Cleveland and Frank Rehash. During the sass a movement took place in Jazz which was led by alto saxophonist Ornate Coleman. This style is now knows as Free Jazz.Free Jazz did not use traditional harmony, melody and rhythm, and instead went back to the use of group improvisation were anything was appropriate. During the Free Jazz period, musicians thought of new ways of producing sounds which resulted in weird effects. Some important free trombonists are Albert Manageresses and Frank UK-Umbra Lacy. Which used a technique called multimillion, which involves playing one pitch and then humming a pitch, usually above note played, which can result in three or more itches sounding. In the sass the Jazz/Rock Fusion happened. This was influenced by rock n roll and funk music.This movement was led by the Miles Davis 1969 recording, Pitches Brew, fusion musicians used rock and funk style with electric instruments. The melodies and harmonies seemed to be rather simple. Even this this style was basically for electric instruments, many trombonists have made contributions to the jazz/rock style. Wayne Henderson is noted for the group called The Crusaders. Jimmy Panky is the trombonist with the Jazz/rock group Chicago. Dave Bargeman, Bruce Fowler, Tom Bones Malone, and Fred Wesley are also recognized as important players in the Jazz/rock style.The last style of Jazz is known as Contemporary. Neo-Bop is the stylistic approach being used today which draws from earlier bop styles, while it draws from some of the innovations of Free Jazz. As the technical demands of Jazz have increased, contemporary Jazz trombonists make use of techniques pioneered by earlier trombonists, such as doodle tonguing and against the grain playing. A well-known trombonist of today era is Conrad Herring. Conrad Herring is known for playing with Clark Terry and Toshiba Sukiyaki. Herring uses an amazing technique which is a strong high register and great endurance. He bases many of his melodies from pentatonic, whole tone, and diminished scales, such as this whole tone scale passage. Herrings soloing is always highly energetic. However, there are many trombonists performing in the contemporary Jazz era such as Steve Turret and Robin Banks are noted Neo-Bop style players. Bill Waters is known for having unsurpassed technical command of the trombone. Hal Crook and Mark Nightingale are also noted contemporary Jazz trombone performers. Dave February 21, 2010 A Stylistic Analysis of Jazz Trombone Through Transcribed Solos. (06/10/2011) http:// www. Wilkinson. Common=121 ) Artist: King Oliver and Louis Armstrong Year Recorded: April 6, 1923 Jazz Period: Dixieland A. List 2-3 musical characteristics of this selection: There is not a lot of range being used in this selection and it sounds like he his only using a few notes and not a multitude of notes on the scale. B. How is this selection similar to the previous Listening Log selection? They both are faster paced songs that makes you want to get up and dance. They both are sing the trombone. C. How is it different?This selection is in a different era, so there isnt a lot of advancement here. This sounds like a song you would here back in an old western movie at a local saloon. D. What is your SUBJECTIVE reaction to this selection? Like it/dislike it? Why? D. 2 What does it remind you of? I liked this selection oddly enough. It reminded me of this amusement park I used to go to as a kid with my parents. It reminds me of happier times when loved ones in my family were still alive. Listening Log #2: l Thought About You Artist: Carl Fontana Year Recorded: September 5, 1985Jazz Period: Cool Jazz Fontana is using double time passages; there is also a relaxed swing feeling. B. How is this selection similar to the previous Listening Log selection? Other than the use of a trombone and a couple of other similar instruments there is not anything that I can find similar to this selection and Dipper Mouth Blues. These selections are completely different. Dipper Mouth Blues, makes you want to get up and dance, where as I Thought About You Just makes you want to tap your foot. There are a lot more instruments being brought into this piece as well, it is obvious this was performed by a larger band.

In What Ways did the Rights and Opportunities of Black Citizens in Different Parts of the USA Vary at the End of the Second World War Essay Example

In What Ways did the Rights and Opportunities of Black Citizens in Different Parts of the USA Vary at the End of the Second World War Essay After their independence from slavery in 1865 African Americans remained one of the most prominent ethnic minority groups in America. It was the end of the Civil War, however, and the Southern Confederate States had lost. This was the beginning of a growing resentment that caused the continent to be divided almost completely, due only to the colour of the peoples skin. It began after the Civil Rights Act of 1866, where it was declared that all persons born in the US were now citizens, regardless to race, colour or previous condition. Two more amendments were passed that gave equal protection to all persons under the law and also stated that a citizen could not be prevented from voting due to his colour or race. Yet despite these legal changes, not much was actually done to help black people and as they lacked money and resources, many blacks found themselves forced into contracts with their previous masters. This became known as sharecropping and by the 1930s, up to 75% of African-Am ericans were working on cotton plantations, for very little money, in the rural areas of the Southern states. But around this time, the Northern cities, such as Chicago, were expanding and industrialising so many blacks were moving northwards to take advantage of new employment opportunities. This was called the Great Migration, however, due to the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the subsequent plunge into Depression, African-Americans found it difficult to begin a new life under the racial tensions and discrimination. It wasnt until the Second World War, which began in 1941, that black Americans finally had an opportunity to see a better way of life. And yet, in 1945 when the war was won, black rights were very different all over the country. While some had possibilities of education, employment and happiness others were striving purely to live above poverty and all this occurred with deep racial tensions running the breadth of the nation.A key element to the difference in opportunit ies and rights for black Americans came in the varying forms of segregation all over the country. (Although normally strictly imposed, during the Second World War, the Government found it necessary to desegregate many parts of the Armed service for more efficient combat, such as the Navy and in the front line. This gave a blacks a real taste of what freedom could be like for them.) Many states passed legislature that discriminated against black people, these were known as Jim Crow Laws and consisted of the separation of blacks from whites in many areas of society such as at the theatre and at schools. The south enforced these rules religiously and firmly punished any Negro who didnt know their place.And yet although segregation happened in the North, it was much more a mutual agreement and it was respected that blacks had their own communities which cropped up parallel to the whites. There was much more freedom for black people to own their own businesses and go to local pubs and cl ubs whereas the southern African-American population was far too poor to do much than work several hours a day, often being tricked by their bosses into losing money. Of course living in the North wasnt instantly an equal life for all. Many African-Americans were still victimized and stuggled to get by on poor wages. But the North still seemed a far better way of life for them and many continued to travel up in search of it.The segregation started after a white-skinned black American sat in a carriage reserved for white passengers only. His name was Plessy and he was arrested after refusing to move. He appealed his conviction to the Louisiana Supreme Court yet failed so attempted again at the Supreme Court of the US. In 1896 it was decided that separate but equal was not a breach of the 14th amendment and the Plessy Vs Ferguson case became the starting point of American segregation. Obviously the black facilities were not equal to those reserved for whites which included water fount ains, parks, sport facilities, prisons, transport and cemeteries. This racist separation continued right up until almost the end of the 20th century as hatred still brewed amongst white Americans about the rights of blacks. In 1945, however, segregation was still going strong in the South and opportunities for equality were still extremely frail as shown by the average total spent on each child in school, $179 for every white child and $43 for every black child.Black teachers were also paid half as much as white teachers. This led to enforced racism as black and white Americans were exposed to eachother in unequal statuses. It was also significant as it began a growing determination in African Americans to make their lives better which is why membership to the biggest pressure group for their advancement, grew from 50,000 to 450,000 in 1945. The National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People (NAACP) was set up in 1909 to improve the lives of black people in America. It funded court cases and set up demonstrations. Another reason for the steep increase in membership may have been because blacks became as determined to stamp out racism in America as much as they had stamped out fascism in Germany.Due to the differences in segregation laws, both the north and South provided opposing job opportunities for blacks which led to a migration northwards. After the war, sharecropping was still a major part of African-American lives in the rural areas of the South. The poor pay limited the conditions of the workers lives and many lived in small wooden shacks on the land they were expected to work on everyday. Often working from an extremely young age, children didnt tend to get an education which led to many illiterate adults in the years to come. These adults could then be easily tricked by their landowners into paying out more that they should as they couldnt understand the paperwork. Sharecropping was backbreaking work and even more so in the burning heat of the sun. However, in the north, there was an increasing amount of lawyers, teachers and politicians emerging from the African-American scene. Obviously still a tiny proportion of the black community yet enough to show that their was hope for the them yet.The reason that blacks in the north had better chances for success is not because the north wasnt racist, unfortunately blacks faced discrimination almost everywhere in America, but because there was a mutual tolerance that suggested as long as Negroes worked hard and behaved well, they could be left alone. Due to black pressure and general modernisation of the country, small employment improvements started to be made. Black people were employed in aircraft industries for the first time and the current President, Roosevelt, set up the Federal Agency to promote employment equality within the defence industries. To have the Government getting involved was a major achievement in the Civil Rights Movement.Employment was not the only thing beginning to flourish for black Americans, their culture and music was breaking barriers and raising morale for the common man. Jazz clubs in the north buzzed with loud music, dancing and happiness. Blacks celebrating their victory against Germany and the victory they knew they could achieve against racism, the double V. Black music was different to anything America had heard before as it had soul. You could hear the suffering that these people had endured in their voices alone as well as the optimism they had for the future. Using mostly saxophones, clarinets and trombones, African-Americans created an art form to be proud of.After the threat of war people had become more laid back, more ready to let their hair down or the music was used to commemorate those lost to war. Yet in the South, blacks found it difficult to get time for music in the same way. Instead they would sing their blues while they worked. Often an almost wailing quality to their voices, workers would sing fo r hours to pass the day away. They went to secret locations called Duke Joints where they would meet, as far away from white people as possible, sing, dance and drink homemade alcohol. But it was a much more underground affair. However, it was still a great morale boost for blacks even though their chances to sing varied throughout America.The most important variation in black rights after the end of the war, should come however, from the political and legal differences. In 1944 black political rights increased because of the case of Smith and Allright. The exclusion of blacks from primaries (election of candidates for governmental positions) was considered unconstitutional by the Supreme Court and black voters increased in the South from 3% to 12%. Some black people were even elected for state legislature though of course not in the south. Nevertheless as black rights increased, so did opposition. Many white politicians were strongly against black government officials and politics very rarely got involved with any cases of racism from the country. (As proven with the murder of Emmet Till almost 10 years later where the Government never intervened). This is confirmation that black rights were very different to the opportunities that existed in practise as black Americans were supposed to be protected by the Government under the 15th amendment yet not surprisingly, they werent. This happened with many supposed rights that blacks were given.To see the social, cultural and political diversity in the different parts of America is really to view the rights that blacks were theoretically given. According to passed laws and various evidence, it seems that living in the North was a far better way of life for black Americans and that it would welcome home black soldiers whereas the South was extremely racist and almost Neanderthal in their views. Yet in real life the differences were quite small between the two areas. Racism still brewed, race riots still took place if black people began to be treated fairly and the Ku Klux Klan still occasionally lynched no matter where you were. If an African-American made it to a high position, they would still face stiff opposition and would never receive the respect deserved. Although the standard of living for blacks may have been slightly higher in the north, none were yet receiving the rights or opportunities that every person warrants and it was years afterwards that they finally began making progress.

Jamestown vs Plymouth essays

Jamestown vs Plymouth essays Despite the fact that the original British settlements in Virginia at Jamestown (1607) and New England at Plymouth (1620) were founded in the same relative time period, the two colonies differed greatly economically, politically and socially. Economically, Jamestown was originally wholly dependant on money from the crown and later became dependant on a single cash crop, tobacco, while New England became self sufficient by farming all of their own food. Socially, New England colonists were a close-knit religious group of Puritans that came to escape religious persecution in England. The settlers of Jamestown were upper-class nobles who went to America in search of gold. Politically, Jamestown was set up with a more centralized government and had direct rule from the king. Plymouth had a very decentralized government made by its very own social contract and had no direct rule by the king. Although both settlements were initiated by the same joint-stock company, the London Company of Virginia, the two colonies were extremely different economically. With the help of local Indians, the pilgrims were able to become economically self-sufficient. Farmers were able to produce their own food, many of whom produced excess which they used as trading power to get furs and other goods from the natives. Jamestown, however, was almost completely dependent on money from the British crown for materials. Later, with the help from John Rolfe, Jamestown was able to produce something of value to support itself: tobacco. Tobacco was able to command high prices in Europe, and Jamestown became dependent on a single cash crop. The two settlements also differed socially. The pilgrims came from a society of Puritans who already knew each other. This allowed these settlers to more easily create a close-knit, strong community. Because of the religious persecution these people received in England, the Pilgrims mostly came to America for religio...

Housing for People with Special Needs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Housing for People with Special Needs - Essay Example The essay "Housing for People with Special Needs" summarizes the different areas of affordable housings especially associated with the low-income households. The areas covered include special housing needs of elderly and disabled households, discriminatory behaviors and the fair housing programs, home ownership, and income integration. In the real estate and mortgage market of US, the discriminatory behavior has been convicted as illegal by the federal government at all levels. Certain legislations have been made in this regard which demonstrates the illegality of the discriminatory practices in the real estate and the mortgage market including Supreme Court decision of 1948, Fair Housing Act of 1964 and lastly, the Community Reinvestment Act of 1977. With the passage of time, most of the kinds of discriminatory patterns and behaviors in these markets are declared as illegal after enforcement of such legislation by the federal government. The enforcement of fair-housing legislation although has remained inconsistent such that discriminatory behaviors have not been total disappeared, yet there is evidence which shows a real progress in this regard. The evidence reveals that in the real estate housing market, there has been a significant reduction in the discriminatory behavior in relation to house purchasing and renting in the 1990s. Similar kinds of evidence are found in the mortgage market, where the Whites are left way behind than Blacks and Hispanics in relation to home-purchase.

Internetworking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Internetworking - Essay Example It was introduced in one of the oldest wide area network - ARPANET. It is a widely used architecture because most of the computers and networks are configured to follow this suite and it is open to all. The TCP/IP reference model is a 4 layered model. The layers from top to bottom are Application Layer, Transport Layer, Internet Layer and Host-to-Network Layer. A data in a computer is going to the network from the Application Layer to the Host-to-Network Layer through the intermediate layers. Data from the network is getting to an application in the reverse order. Application Layer consists of certain higher level protocols like TELNET (for remote login/ to get a virtual remote terminal), FTP (File Transfer Protocol), SMTP (Simple Main Transfer Protocol), HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol), DNS (Domain Name System) protocols etc. The protocols in this layer will produce messages smaller in size to become compatible with the Transport Layer for an outward data flow and join the data messages to the original data for the application in case of inward message. Transport Layer consist the protocols like TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol). The reliability and the error checking of the data are managed here. This layer is responsible for the communication between two computers. ... The two versions of IP are IPv4 and IPv6.The lowest layer is the Host-to-Network Layer and this layer has the direct contact with the networking hardware. The data in this layer will be in the form of frames or byte series. Few protocols like PPP (Point to Point Protocol) are available in this layer. One of the most useful services of TCP/IP is the naming service it provides. Information sharing and exchange on an Internet work become easy and comfortable through this. The most widely used naming services are NIS (Network Information Service) and DNS (Domain Name System). NIS is used to provide information that has to be known throughout the network, to all machines on the network. There will be NIS server to keep all the information for the NIS. In case of a UNIX system, the configuration files handled by NIS are /etc/group, /etc/hosts, /etc/netmasks, /etc/passwd, /etc/protocols, /etc/rpc, and /etc/services. For setting up NIS, we have to set up both the NIS Server and NIS Clients. DNS is used for naming a host uniquely on a network, especially on the Internet. In this IP addresses of the computers or other interfaces are mapped to certain names with a typical naming strategy. Each group of similar computers is included in same domain and the domains are created in a hierarchical manner e.g. for the top level domains are .com, .net, .org etc. The details of the naming are stored in the DNS Server as resource records. There are two types of mapping files. The forward mapping file is used to convert names to its IP addresses and reverse mapping record is used to convert IP addresses to its symbolic names. Format of a resource record entry is as follows. Name (variable length) type(16bits) class(16bits) ttl(32bits) data For DNS configuration in a UNIX system, we

MARKETING DEBATEIs Service Marketing Different From Product Marketing Essay

MARKETING DEBATEIs Service Marketing Different From Product Marketing - Essay Example factor has been at the core essence of any organization mainly due to the fact that it is the ultimate resource which brings about completion of work and duties. People factor in the service encounter gains an even more significant position. Thus a company can move from a position of stability to one of a complete unstable stance as it acquires different means of gathering the market and its driving factors that come along with it. (Lazer, 1971) Thus the differences between the present day service marketing and the traditional product marketing in the ranks of the small and the large businesses asks of the marketers to learn the same so that they could understand for their own betterment what the present day marketing regimes could bring about and thus benefit all and sundry. The intention behind marketing is to make people aware of this form of business which is all about the propagation of knowledge and information related with the product/service in mind and the company which is making it available for one and all. (Bailey, 2000) With that, one understands that the foundation of marketers will be strong so that they could step right into the practical world and do not feel at sea when the business plans and the marketing strategies are discussed with regards to different products and brands. Thus marketing is taught in colleges for imparting the much valuable information and the precise details of the insight that would enable one and all towards the issues which a person could encounter in his practical life. (Aguirre, 2001) From a standpoint of small and large businesses, product and service marketing is in fact a battle ground for learning a lot of things which are related with the psychological basis since understanding the psyche of the consumers beforehand can be the starting point for comprehending as to what they actually want and what they should be offered in terms of the product offerings and services mix. Coming from the quarters of the present day

Induced Electromotive Force in Potatoes | Experiment

Induced Electromotive Force in Potatoes | Experiment I was first introduced to vegetative electric energy during my freshman year in high school, when our chemistry teacher showed a lemon battery at work as we were studying Electrochemistry. I got very intrigued with the idea of generating electricity with lemons, and I later learnt that many organic substances exist which can also produce electricity. The next year of my high school, I heard about the global consumption of power, and how the earths natural resources were getting depleted, and got an idea that if natural organic batteries were developed, the resources of the earth would remain stable. Thus I took up this study to help me explore the possibility of organic fuel cells and its capability of generating electromotive force. For this study I will take potatoes into consideration because of their high acid content and the relative accessibility of it. The acid responsible for the generation of EMF within the potato is Phosphoric acid, but my experiment will deal with what causes the change in the EMF when the potatoes are boiled. Initially I thought the cause lied in the varying concentration of the electrolyte, but upon further study and research found the reason to lie within the cell membranes of the potatoes that get ruptured during the boiling process of the potatoes, thereby varying the EMF generated. After maize, wheat, and rice, potato is the worlds fourth most important food crop with an annual production of more than 323 x 106 tons with more than one-third coming from developing countries. Thus if potatoes do prove to be beneficial asset, it can able easily adopted by those who are lacking electrical infrastructure as part of the daily routine since it is cheap and requires no special skills for assembly. RESEARCH QUESTION: How does the induced electromotive force generated from the potatoes depend on the state of the potato (i.e. Fresh potato vs. Boiled Potato)? INTRODUCTION: The first batteries were researched and invented by Volta when he made a device capable of producing electricity by the mere contact of conducting substances of different species. The invention of Voltaic battery had marked the birth of a new era in the development of modern physics and made a significant change in our lifestyle. Battery technology has without a doubt seen progress, starting from it being dependent on organic/biological matters to it becoming more efficient using inorganic-reaction-based technology. However from the end of the 20th century, biological batteries were just a mere science experiment performed in highs school, however with the growing concern of depleting the earths resources, there has been a new found interest in the development of organic fuel cells. In order to highlight this growing interest, I have performed a study regarding the basic school experiment of a potato battery. For the first part of my study, I will perform the normal experiment by making a potato cell, using Zinc and Copper electrodes and recording the electromotive force (EMF) generated. Now, for the second part, I will boil the potatoes and record the readings of the EMF generated. I will compare the two results, and comment about my observations, and make possible conclusions about why there is a change in EMF generated or why there is no change in EMF generated. BACKGROUND INFORMATION ELECTROCHEMISTRY Electrochemistry deals with the inter-conversion of electrical energy and chemical energy. This study will deal with the conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy (Electrochemical Cells). An electrochemical cell mainly consists of two major components: left hand electrode (LHE) and the right hand electrode (RHE). In LHE, oxidation (loss of electron) takes place and is called the anode. In RHE, reduction (gain of electron) takes place and is called cathode. Anode is generally of that metal (or substance) which readily loses electrons (i.e. Oxidized easily). Cathode is a metal which readily accepts electrons (i.e. Reduced easily). There are two specific ways in order to create an electrochemical, voltaic or galvanic cell. Method 1: Put the LHE (anode) into the solution of the electrolyte of the Cathode (containing the ions of the cathode). This allows the anode to loose electrons per atom and the ions present in the electrolyte accept the electrons. Thus, the cathode ions from the solution in this manner get deposited in order to form the metals of the respective cathode and the metal anode goes into the solution as ions. The reaction can be understood with two half-cell reactions: Oxidation M Anode (S) Mn+(aq) Anode+ ne- Reduction: Mn+(aq) Cathode + ne- M Cathode(S) _ ___________________________________________________ Overall Reaction: M Anode(S) + Mn+(aq) Cathode M Cathode (S) + Mn+(aq)Anode Where, M Anode(S) is the element that gets oxidized at the anode, M Cathode(S) is the element that gets reduced at the cathode, ne- is the number of electrons lost/gained during the reaction A rod of that metal is prepared and placed into one of its own solution in LHE to get anode. In RHE, a rod of metal that loses electrons less easily as compared to the metal of LHE is prepared and put into one of the solution to get the cathode. LHE and RHE are also known as two-half cells. Now the electrons move from anode (LHE) to cathode (RHE) and hence a current flow is maintained in the external circuit. This current flow is due to the fact that a potential difference is created this and this is called the E.M.F, electromotive force of a cell. The two separate containers are connected by a inverted tube U shaped tube called as salt bridge. The salt bridge contains solution of strong ionic salts like NaCl, NaNO3 and KCl etc. (salts of most reactive alkali metals) soaked in colloidal solution of agar-gel which only allows movements of ions, not water. The role of the slat bridge is very important as it allows the continuous discharge of the cell. The salt bridge keeps the two solutions electrically neutral to one another. In the Fe-CuSO4 cell, in the left cell as Fe loses electrons, excess of positive charge in the form of Fe2+ is collected near the LHE and as Cu2+ ions gets discharged accepting electrons form Fe in the right hand cell, excess of negative charge in the form of SO42- is accumulated near the RHE. Now the salt bridge provides positive charge to RHE (in form of K+ ions) and negative charge to the LHE (in the form Cl-) and thus bringing about the neutrality of two solutions. If this does not take place, a reverse potential difference is created in the two compartments and thus breaking the continuous supple of voltage (current), which is the purpose of the cell. The efficiency of a cell is determined by the tendency of LHE to loose electrons and the tendency of RHE to accept electrons. A measure of cell efficiency is called as electromotive force (EMF) or the voltage or the difference in potentials of two electrodes. EMF is defined as the difference in the potential across LHE and RHE to which electrons from anode travel to cathode. My experiment consists of the above explanation with regard to a Secondary Battery or also called Galvanic Cell, which uses the main principles of the method mentioned above, but lacks a salt bridge but the cell membranes within the potato act as a salt bridge. The electrolyte in the potatoes is the phosphoric acid which does not actively participate in the reaction, since its main purpose is to make Zn loose electrons by oxidizing it, the potato provides the protons and the Cu plate remains unaffected by the acid bath. My storage battery is the potato, with the anode plate is made up of Zinc (Zn), while the cathode plate is Copper (Cu). The electrolyte which initiates the reaction or makes the reaction possible in potatoes is phosphoric acid (H3PO4). My experiment will involve the use of iron nails (Zn+2/Zn) acting as anode, and copper plates (Cu+2/Cu) as cathode. These are placed in an electrically conductive solution that allows  ions  to travel freely between the two metals in this case potato. The acid steadily eats away at the Zinc, a chemical reaction that releases spare zinc  electrons. These electrons then join with spare  hydrogen ions  in the acid to create hydrogen gas. Meanwhile, the copper remains unaffected even when submerged in acid but as soon as a conducting wire is connected between it and iron electrons flow from copper to Iron. The spare iron electrons are still intent on forming hydrogen gas, but they have an easier time doing it with the hydrogen surrounding the iron anode. So the electrons from the copper cathode travel through the wire to get to the iron. Batteries exploit this flow of electrons, therefore producing induced EMF. In most of the batteries, there is internal resistance which makes it impossible for the battery to produce 100% of its maximum potential difference. The same is applicable for the potato battery in the form of GAII (Galvanic apparent internal impedance, a trait related to both the salt bridge function of a given tissue delineated between electrodes and to the battery internal resistance properties). This electrical impedance can be a classified into further categories which is out of scope of this study. But the concept of GAII is useful as it can explain the relation between the EMF generated from a boiled potato as compared to a fresh potato. Thus the EMF generated from one potato is because of the potential difference created by the electrodes as in the above mentioned cases. But since the number of potatoes remains constant, the reacting species also is constant, i.e. when two potatoes are used, each potato will have an zinc and copper plate, and thus when the zinc gets oxidized by the potatoes, same electrons will enter the iron electrode from the copper, thus EMF generated should be same. But this is where my experiment differs. MY ORIGINALITY: Experiments have already been conducted on fresh potatoes and the induced EMF but, I planned to boil my potatoes and observe the readings of the EMF generated and compare the results obtained from performing the experiment with raw potatoes. The potatoes by default will be similar and will be microwaved in KCl solution for scientific vigor, and then after certain attainment of room temperature, the EMF generated will be recorded. The readings and the graph will make clear weather the boiling of potatoes changes the EMF and what makes the EMF generated to change. MY HYPOTHESIS The induced EMF generated from the experiment being performed with boiled potatoes compared to raw potatoes will decrease since the concentration of phosphoric acid will decrease, since the potatoes are boiled in aqueous solution, thus diluting the already present phosphoric acid, and thus since the concentration of the electrolyte decreases so will the rate of oxidization and reduction, eventually leading to the decrease in the EMF generated. The GAII may also play a part since when the potatoes are boiled the inner temperature of the potato increases causing denaturation and this might affect the flow of electrons thereby affecting the EMF generated. METHOD Battery Design Commercially available potatoes were used throughout, due to ease of accessibility and for economic factors. The mineral composition of the potatoes has been given in Table 1 of the appendix. I compared the EMF generated from cells made of potatoes treats as follows Raw/Fresh/untreated Boiled/treated For the preparation of the Galvanic cell, the potatoes in both cases were cut into 5x2x2cm and were sandwiched between the Iron and Copper plates. Potato Denaturation by Boiling I compared the electrical energy generated from untreated potatoes compared to that of treated potatoes. For scientific vigour, I immersed the sliced potatoes in 1 mol dm-3 KCl solution and microwaved at 800W for 5 minutes. Measurement of EMF The amount of EMF (V) generated was evaluated using a Vernier Lab Quest connected to the cell. The measurement was also taken for Current (I) and Power (P). These measurements were taken over a period of 2 hours over a constant load of equal resistance. In order to prevent the potato coming in contact with air it was covered with Parafilm in order to reduce drying and oxidation. VARIABLES INDEPENDANT VARIABLES: The independent variable in this experiment is the potatoes, or the state of the potatoes i.e. boiled or fresh. Thus the experiment will be carried out with fresh potatoes, and then further into boiled potatoes., For similar concentration, and volume of acid in potatoes, similar sized potatoes were taken so that the result will not deviate. The potatoes act as independent batteries, providing induced EMF as they are connected in series. The reason they act as a battery is because the copper and zinc electrode undergo redox reactions in the presence of the acid which acts as an electrolyte, which creates a potential difference and this is calculated to be EMF DEPENDANT VARIABLES: The dependant variable is the EMF generated by the potatoes when arranged in series. It will be measured with a Vernier Lab Quest which is connected to the computer The potential difference will be calculated, between the two extremes of the electrodes (anode and cathode => Zinc and copper plate). This given criteria is same for both the set up. The unit of measure is the Volt. The readings will be taken for two hours for each. CONTROLLED VARIABLES: The apparatus used was same throughout the experiment, since this will reduce mean deviation and the calculations will be done with respect to the other readings therefore, error is less The temperature in the room was controlled and was kept at 300K and this is with respect to the room temperature and not the temperature of the potato. The arrangement of the potatoes and the beakers was done in series since that would accurately judge between the EMF discrepancies between boiled and unoiled potatoes. Similar sized potatoes were taken in the hopes that the concentration of phosphoric acid would be similar; therefore the readings will not have much discrepancy relative to each other. When the potatoes were boiled, all were boiled to the same temperature, for the same amount of time, and were removed from the water bath at approximately the same time The apparatus was cleaned thoroughly before performing each experiment so as to reduce discrepancies in the readings, with respect to other readings. The amount of insertion of the Iron and copper into the potato was same throughout all the experiments at 3 ±0.1cm. The potatoes were all sliced up into the following dimension 5 x 2 x 2 cm and were sandwiched between the electrodes. The part of the potato exposed to the air was covered with Parafilm in order to prevent the potato from drying and reduction. CONSTANT VARIABLE: The copper plate and the iron nails used were the same throughout the experiment, so was the location where the experiment took place so as to keep all errors due to pressure and temperature constant. The same water bath was used to boil the potatoes, in order to keep the potatoes at constant temperature with regard to each other. The time taken for recording the EMF generated from the potatoes in both cases was taken as 2 hours. DATA AND GRAPHS ACTUAL REACTIONS TAKING PLACE Oxidation: Zn: Zn Zn++ + 2e- , E0 = 0.76V, Reduction: Cu: 2H+ + 2e- H2 , E0 = 0.00V Overall: Zn + 2H+ Zn++ + H2, à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬   E0 = 0.76V REASON FOR THE REACTIONS AND ANALYSIS OF DATA My results conclude that Zn electrode and the reduction of hydrogen at the Cu electrode are the dominating reactions which give rise to EMF, Current Density and the potential difference. Maximum power delivered by boiled potato cells with ruptured membranes may reach values an order of magnitude higher than that generated by untreated potato. When the data was compared, a direct relationship between the ability of the potato battery to deliver power and GAII (Galvanic apparent internal impedance, a trait related to both the salt bridge function of a given tissue delineated between electrodes and to the battery internal resistance properties) becomes evident. The significant increase in electric energy generation with membrane destruction shows that the ionic diffusivity through the tissue bridge between electrodes is the reason behind this phenomenon, as effective diffusivity of protons increases with membrane rupture. In contrast, the rate of proton flux is reduced when cell membranes are intact probably due to the tortuosity of the extracellular space as well as the equivalent reduction in the concentration of the electrolytes per unit volume when the intracellular fluids do not actively participate in the ionic transport. CONCLUSION: From the data and the graphs it is clearly visible that my hypothesis was inaccurate, since the EMF generated did not decrease with the boiling of potatoes, but increased and also lasted longer under the same external load compared to the fresh potato. The potato serves only as a medium for the movements of electrons from the zinc electrode. The potato supplies the protons thus generating electricity. Fresh potatoes do it, but the strong internal resistance makes it very inefficient. Boiling the potato destroys membranes and possibly some part of the cell walls, thus reducing significantly the internal resistance and increase 10 folds the generation of power. The bio electrolytic low power electrical energy source introduced in this study brings an dimension to the utilization of the globally fourth most abundant crop accessible essentially all over the world, made of solid components and requires low financial investment compared with solar or conventional batteries. EVALUATION: The experiment was conducted in a non-ideal conditions which could lead to errors:~ Systematic Error: The Parafilm had foreign bodies or had an unwanted flaw which could have not given me an accurate reading The reading of the electronic balance may also have a manufacturing defect, thereby leading to a difference in the times taken. The lab quest may be defective or may have been inaccurate which may have given inaccurate results. The microwave may not have operated throughout the five minutes at 800W, thus leading to a variation in the temperature achieved by the potato in order to break the cell membrane. Random Errors: There might have been a gap or hole in the Parafilm leading to increased drying of the potato thereby affecting the EMF generated. Human parallax error when adjusting the volume of the solutions by taking only the lower meniscus. The apparatus used may contain remnants of other chemicals leading to an impure solution. The temperature of the room was taken to be constant, but there might have been fluctuation in the actual temperature thus leading to heat loss, and null results. The electronic balance might not have been zeroed out to take the new reading or might have had impurities which could have given inaccurate readings The microwave may not have run for exactly 5 minutes, thus leading to different boiling degrees EMF of the potato was taken every 3 seconds from the start of the reaction and thus the increase/decrease would not be exactly accurate, leading to a discrepancy in data.

What the Genome Revolution Could Mean for Me and the Rio Grande Valley :: Argumentative Persuasive Biology Essays

What the Genome Revolution Could Mean for Me and the Rio Grande Valley With technology advancing more quickly than even our own minds can comprehend, the effects of these advancements cannot be measured in our time, as they are just beginning to reveal themselves. Nowhere is this more evident than in the world of biotechnology, where researchers are changing the way people look at themselves as individuals with imperfections. The newly mapped human gene sequence provides scientists with the tools needed to manipulate, 'fix', or alter the human genetic code to create a person with any specifications desired in a human. Just the idea of a person engineered to specific criteria boggles the mind with questions about the implications on society, not to mention the unforeseen consequences that could lurk in the nearby future. In a world as populous as today's, the sense of self, rooted within each person, becomes more important than ever. As time passes with more hi-tech advancements, people will have to deal with the outcomes of the human genome project, some of which can be investigated before work begins on implementing research into everyday healthcare and others that still wait to be stumbled upon. The first problem includes the laws of all types, including those that have yet to be passed concerning the use of DNA in altering negative characteristics and adding favorable ones. First, developers must explore the ethical law that asks whether it is morally correct to change what it is that makes us people: the fact that we are all different and have flaws, and maybe these should be cherished rather than changed. If everyone was the same, we would become like ants, just one of a million, and lose the meaning of us being here: sharing different ideas and personas that enrich our lives and give us fulfilling relationships. Does making similar people interfere with the law of nature, which before now was the only factor in determining who we are? Then comes the legal matters that appear with the application of this knowledge. When people alter the natural cycle of life that has been in place for millions of years, there are going to have to be rules in place so that this sensitive data does not fall into the wrong hands, become misused, or have the huge negative impact on society that it has the possibility of having.